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R (on the application of AM (Belarus) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2024] UKSC 13

Case Summaries

A Belarusian foreign criminal deliberately thwarted his deportation by lying to Belarusian authorities, creating prolonged ‘limbo’ status in the UK without leave to remain. The Supreme Court held that refusing leave to remain did not violate Article 8 ECHR, overturning lower courts and clarifying the proportionality framework for self-induced immigration limbo cases. Background The respondent, […] ...

R v Layden [2025] UKSC 12

Case Summaries

The Supreme Court held that failure to comply with the arraignment time limit in section 8(1) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1968 does not deprive the Crown Court of jurisdiction to retry a defendant. The Court of Appeal’s decision in Llewellyn was overruled, and the respondent’s murder conviction was restored. Background On 11 April 2013, […] ...

Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority – 2012 Case Summary

Case Summaries

Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks, was accused of sexual offences in Sweden in August 2010. From 2012, he sought refuge in the Ecuadorian Embassy in London to avoid extradition to Sweden. ...

Process of the Criminal Justice System

Law Essay: Criminal Law

The first part of the criminal justice process is the arrest. An arrest can happen whether someone has committed the crime or not. There are many circumstances where probable cause is a factor in why someone is arrested. ...

A Benign Modus Operandi: Settling Personal Disputes through Mediation and Negotiation in India

Law Essay: Foreign Law

Mediation and Conciliation as methods of alternative dispute resolution have got legal recognition through various judicial pronouncements ...

Criminal Trials & the Eighth Amendment

Law Essay: Foreign Law

The following essay will detail the criminal trial and its aftermath with the focus on protecting the rights of those accused of crimes: Booth v. Maryland. ...

Causes of Wrongful Convictions

Law Essay: Criminal Law

The causes of wrongful convictions have been attached to miscarriages of justice that occur due to procedural errors and system actors. ...

Effect of Police Profiling on Arrest Misconduct

Law Essay: Criminology

Citizens’ rights are guaranteed by the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights. Such as protecting them from unreasonable search and seizure, double jeopardy, right to remain silent, and excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment, from the fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth amendments of the U.S. Constitution. ...

Impact of Legal Aid Cuts on Domestic Abuse and Immigration Cases

Law Essay: Criminal Law

While campaigners against the cuts and reforms of legal aid in the United Kingdom seem to receive very little media attention, secondary sources of legislation ensure transparency of the most important and impactful measures taken by the government in creating political policies. ...

Aboriginal Law in the Australian Criminal Justice System

Law Essay: Australian Law

Should Aboriginal law, in part or in whole, be applied to Indigenous people, in particular areas or in general, or to people living in traditional communities only? ...

Right to Assistance of Counsel | History and Analysis

Law Essay: Criminal Law

The need for the effective assistance of counsel is highlighted by one of the most recent cases to be argued in the Supreme Court. ...

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

Act Summaries

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced as a response to a growing perception that the public had lost all confidence… ...

Bill of Rights 1689

Act Summaries

As a result of the English Civil War the English Parliament’s powers gradually increased. A constitutional crisis arose during the reign ...

Magistrates Court Act 1980

Act Summaries

The Magistrates Court 1980 was an Act passed by Parliament which implemented the recommendations of the Law Commission… ...

The Classification of Criminal Offences | LPC Help

LPC Study Guides

The Classification of Criminal Offences – Criminal Offences can be classified as summary, either way or indictable only offences ...

The Law and Practice Relating to Court Bail | LPC Help

LPC Study Guides

The Law and Practice Relating to Court Bail – When the magistrates or crown court adjourn a case, it must be decided whether the defendant should be released on bail or remanded in custody. ...

Criminal Appeals Lecture Notes

Lecture Notes

If the defendant pleaded guilty, an appeal lies from the magistrates’ court to the Crown Court against sentence only. If the defendant pleaded not guilty, he can appeal to the Crown Court against either conviction or sentence or both (s108(1) Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980). ...

Sentencing Lecture Notes

Lecture Notes

When deciding the type of sentence and amount, magistrates and judges (the court) will consider a number of factors. Note that the relevant law has now been consolidated in the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000. ...

Youth Justice | LPC Help

LPC Study Guides

Youth Justice – When defending youths you must always remember to work in accordance with the statutory duties of the youth justice system ...

Confession Evidence | LPC Help

LPC Study Guides

Confession Evidence – It is important that you request a copy of any police interview tape and written transcript. ...

General Principles of Sentencing | LPC Help

LPC Study Guides

General Principles of Sentencing – Upon conviction a defendant will be sentenced by the crown court or magistrates court after pleading guilty ...

Detention and Interrogation | LPC Help

LPC Study Guides

Detention and Interrogation – The legal framework for treating suspects at police stations is dealt with in PACE 1984 and the Codes of Practice especially C. ...

The Decision to Prosecute | LPC Help

LPC Study Guides

The Decision to Prosecute – Where there is sufficient evidence to charge the suspect this will be done at the police station ...

Public Funding and the Early Stages | LPC Help

LPC Study Guides

Public Funding and the Early Stages of the Criminal Justice Process – Every person charged with a criminal offence is entitled to legal representation. ...

Prosecuting an Either Way Offence | LPC Help

LPC Study Guides

Prosecuting an Either Way Offence – Either way offences have been discussed above and include theft, burglary and assault occasioning actual bodily harm. ...

Advising at the Police Station | LPC Help

LPC Study Guides

Advising at the Police Station – The most important aspect to remember about police station attendance is to keep a thorough contemporaneous not of the process including all representations made by you, your client, the police or CPS. ...

Advocacy – LPC and Becoming a Trainee Solicitor

Advocacy Study Guides

Advocacy – the Legal Practice Course, and becoming a trainee. The Solicitors Regulation Authority, which regulates solicitors in England and Wales… ...

Criminal Litigation | BPTC Help

Bar Study Guides

Criminal Litigation covers practice and procedure throughout the process of criminal justice. It is principally governed by the provisions… ...

Effective Advocacy

Advocacy Study Guides

Effective advocacy depends on two things; one is good preparation and the second is having persuasive oral communication skills. ...

Sirros v Moore – 1975

Case Summaries

Sirros, the plaintiff, was an alien, who visited the UK, who was fined and recommended for deportation for breach of Aliens Order 1953… ...

Parents and Children Case Notes | Family Law Study Area | Law Teacher

Case Summaries

Parents and Children Case Notes. The relationships between children and parents are complex. In different contexts, the word ‘parent’ can include biological parents (married or unmarried), step-parents, adoptive parents, foster… ...

Pioneer Container Case

Case Summaries

The claimant was a cargo owner who contracted with a carrier to ship the cargo. Per the bills of lading, the claimant granted the carrier authority to… ...

Evidential Issues Surrounding the Terrorism Act 2000

Problem Question Examples

Advising on evidential issues surrounding the Terrorism Act 2000. An example Law of Evidence problem question. ...

Police Powers of Arrest within PACE

Law Essay: Public Law

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) and the PACE codes of practice provide the core framework of police powers and safeguards around stop and search, arrest, detention, investigation, identification and interviewing detainees ...

Civil Partnership Act

Law Essay: Family Law

Hoskyn v Metropolitan Police Commissioner was the first significant step towards the PACE. This case concerned a marriage two days before the trial ...