Petersen J, giving judgement in 1916, determined that copyright was concerned with protecting the ‘expression of thought’ and not the ‘originality of ideas’. Copyright does not require that an expression must be original – just that it is not copied from another work. This has led to a particular problem with television programme formats in United Kingdom law where there seems to be no protection in law of the basic idea in a format despite the fact that there is a growing business licensing these very format ‘rights’, however unique and original.

The following notes are intended to provide the student with an overview of what is expected, or required, in relation to undertaking/completing a dissertation, and to assist the student avoid some of the inevitable confusion that surrounds the commencement of a dissertation. However, it is also assumed that these notes will be readily superseded as students achieve sufficient ‘independent’ momentum and understanding.

The applicable legal regime is that of the freedom of movement of goods contained in the EC Treaty under Articles 25 and 90, concerned with taxation. Freedom of movement of goods is one of the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the EC treaty and it is one of the foundations of the Community. The European Court of Justice have therefore interpreted the provisions widely and the exceptions allowed to the member states very restrictively.

Zwelethemba epitomises restorative justice in South Africa, is popular amongst the community and is the essence of maintaining peace in the community (Roche, 2004: 85). Money received from this programme is contributed back into the community to reduce poverty and unemployment and attempt to remove the need for ‘draconian repressive measures (Roche, 2004: 231).

Money laundering is a menace. Tainted funds from drugs traffic and terrorism are the prime causes of the recent round of energetic legislation designed to make life more difficult for the launderers. The European Directive on Money Laundering has been followed in the UK by primary and delegated legislation.

Executive Summary: This work looks at some of the key aspects in the relationship between a corporations creditors and the company. I look at the development of the floating charge and the recent jurisprudence over the distinction between a floating and fixed charge. I come to the conclusion that the law fairly represents the constituents and there is no need for reform of the law especially as refers to the distinction between the two types of charges.

BigChoc, a manufacturer of organic chocolate called Delicio, won the gold medal for the purest organic chocolate at the International Food Fair for the last three years. Its European office and factory is located in Balmoral, United Kingdom (UK). BigChoc's head office is in North America. BigChoc sells Delicio in three EU Member States - the UK, Ireland and France and has approximately 60% of the market for organic chocolate in each of these countries. L'Artisan is a small French company that manufactures organic chocolate, which it also sells in the UK, Ireland and France.

Advise Mr Witanga as to whether he has a claim against Ugly Duckling Ltd. Your advice should outline the relevant case law, procedure and any arguments that Ugly Duckling Ltd may put forward in response. You should also outline any employment tribunal process now that Mr Witanga has filed an ET1, and consider the ways in which the matter could be resolved.

It is important to consider the case law that surrounds the issue of parental consent in relation to children that are 15. Case law in the mid-1980’s and 1990s has established the concept of “Gllick competence :” a level of maturity, as ascertained by a court, which is possessed by a child “of sufficient age and understanding” to make its own decisions. Lord Donaldson, MR in Re W mentioned the “Flak Jacket” of consent to protect healthcare professionals from any liability for assault or battery.

It is submitted at the outset that the free movement of goods and competition law provisions of the Treaty of Rome comprise two of the most important components of the legal mechanism designed to maintain and enhance the Single European Market, which lies at the heart of the socio-economic project of the European Union in the twenty first century.

Mr Witanga has enjoyed model making as a hobby for over thirty years. In March 2004 he was engaged by Hans Christian Anderson Model Making Studio Ltd ("the Studio") to make miniature models for a film. The Studio had a close working relationship with another company "Ugly Duckling Ltd", and it was not unusual for people working for the Studio to work for periods of time on Ugly Duckling Ltd's projects.

Sandra is 15yrs old She is pregnant but she has not told her parents and has disguised her pregnancy by wearing baggy clothes. She visits her GP, Dr Turner, for antenatal checks and has told him that under no circumstances should her parents be informed. When she is twenty five weeks pregnant an antenatal test shows that the foetus is suffering from a serious genetic condition. Sandra wishes to have a termination and asks Dr Turner whether she can get an abortion at such a late stage in her pregnancy. Karen had a bad fall several years ago and has suffered intractable back pain ever since.

The Social Contract Theory has been espoused by many writers from Plato in Crito to modern day writers such as Ayn Rand and John Rawls. However, for English writers Thomas Hobbes undoubtedly holds a certain status as the paradigm of a social contractarian, his work in Leviathan was described as the ‘greatest, perhaps the sole, masterpiece of political philosophy in the English language’ . Another leading writer was Jean Jacques Rousseau, his fame owing a lot to do with the French Revolution and subsequent events, and it is on these two writers that this work will focus.

Civil law is concerned with the relationship between natural and/or legal persons within a community’s jurisdiction. This means that civil law governs obligations that arise as a result of the existing relationship between two parties. These relationships arise either voluntarily, through contract, or by operation of the common law or statute in the law of tort.

'This right of privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the District Court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. The detriment that the State would impose upon the pregnant woman by denying this choice altogether is apparent’

It is well recognised that a defendant may be excused if he has committed a crime (other than murder, attempted murder or treason) because he was threatened by someone that, if he did not do so, he or another person for whose safety he would reasonably regard himself as responsible would be killed or would suffer serious harm. Where duress is raised, the burden of proof is on the prosecution.

Should teach us to be most on our guard to protect liberty when the Government's purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.

Leading situational crime prevention (SCP) theorists and practitioners -- figures such as Clarke , Garland and Kleinig --agree to define SCP as foremostly, both philosophically and practically, a field concerned with the prevention of crime and withthe limiting of opportunities for offenders to commit crime. According to this philosophy of prevention, the role of individual criminalmotive with respect to the aetiology and causation of criminal acts isrelegated to a position of relatively little significance. For morethan two hundred years, since the birth of Colquhoun's seminal butunrecognised first attempt at a theory of SCP slipped beneath theoncoming waves of a new type of criminal justice, the predominanttheory of criminal behaviour in the United Kingdom had stressed theinnate or social factors of causation behind criminal acts. Such actswere the consequence of deprived social conditions or psychologicalabuse, and these gave Britain's poor a strong bent and inclinationtowards committing criminal acts.

Based on research and statistics, it is known that domestic violence toward Asian women is pervasive. "Twelve percent of Asian and Pacific Islander women reported experiencing physical assault by an intimate partner at least once during their lifetime (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000)". Unfortunately, documented reports of abuse most likely under-represent the number of abused women due to the secretive and victimizing nature of domestic violence.

The Victorian Era represents a unique watershed not just in English but also in European and world history. As the first recipients of the capitalist fruits of the Industrial Revolution, in addition to the longevity of the monarchical parliamentary system in Britain, the Victorians were the first truly modern society that was able to turn its attention away from absolute necessities such as food, water and shelter towards contemporary cultural and sexual mores.

The term dual diagnosis refers to patients with co-existing mental health and substance misuse disorders. The importance of the treatment of both mental health problems and substance misuse problems in prisons is addressed by the Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Dual Diagnosis Good Practice Guide (DoH, 2002a). Statistics quoted here state that at least half of prisoners on remand have substance misuse problems, with 10% being classed as moderate and 40% classed as severe.

Domestic violence has been defined as: a continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, physical, and sexual assault, to rape and even homicide. The vast majority of such violence, and the most severe and chronic incidents, are perpetrated by men against women and their children.

This can be revealed most clearly in the sociological aspects of youth crime. However, it has also been claimed that social policy should evaluate how policies impact on peoples' lives (Blakemore, 1998: 5). Durkheim noted that society works best when it exercises control over individuals (Pampel, 2000: 72). Acceptable behaviour is enforced through law and morality which is maintained through rules and principles: the cement of society (Devlin cited in Elliott and Quinn, 1998: 449). This cement' illustrates legal moralism that has been identified as socially significant' (Cotterrell, 1989, Page 1). Accordingly, an analysis of law's conceptual structures (Cotterrell, 1989, Page 3) could be ascertained and the importance of shared values emphasised, ultimately influencing individuals' behaviour (Pampel, 2000, Page 57).

Free criminal law essays to help you with your studies...

The legal maxim ubi jus ibi remedium rightly laid down the foundation of legal systems in every human society. This legal pattern of resolving disputes has resulted in an abundance of pending cases, which has led to the disillusionment and frustration of people over the inordinate delay in dispensation of justice today and a great threat of eroding the confidence of people in the justice system of the country. The cliché justice delayed is justice denied has necessitated the evolution of a via media between the two, which led to the advent of an alternative forum known as alternative dispute resolution (ADR ).

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1966 is an international human rights covenant produced by the General Assembly of the United Nations. It came into force in 1976 and has legal force as a treaty for the parties to it. As of 1 March 2007 160 states were parties to the ICCPR, of which one is the United Kingdom.

The concept of ‘locus standi’, or ‘standing’ as it is otherwise known, is particularly relevant to administrative law, although it also has importance in relation to some aspects of European law and also to human rights law. Standing has long been a feature of English law, for example it was the subject of the 1858 case of Ware v Regent’s Canal Co , but it is equally present in many other jurisdictions.

This essay will consider how the law in the United Kingdom has to find a balance between competing human rights. It will firstly provide an overview of Human Rights before moving to look specifically...

Human Rights were formed for the protection of the fundamental civil and political liberties in societies, committed to the rule of law. The European Convention of Human Rights was drawn up by...

It is impossible to ignore the fact that rights of citizenship have assumed a central position in many legal systems. While this may be good news for the individual, it creates a headache for judges, who...

Investigate the actions of WWASPS and claimed to have found evidence of abuse and mistreatment of the students who were in the care of WWASPS...

Following the creation of the Maastricht Treaty, the freedom of movement for workers, is one of the first to be concerned with the fundamental rights and citizenship of the EU national...

The main offences arising out of this particular case are relating to the Sexual Offences Act 2003 and the Offences Against the Person Act 1861...

As we all know that we live in a male- dominated society where the position of women is not at par with the men. The women are always at the receiving end and so there is an internalization of...

A trading company has implied power to borrow, however, whether express or implied, it carries implications by law a power to give a security for the loan and to pay interest upon it (General ...

About the middle of the nineteenth century, it was found that English traders engaged in transoceanic commerce quoting prices "c.i.f." the buyer's place of business-blanket figures covering invoice cost...

This essay will be explaining and evaluating current law on sexual harassment, we should all be aware of equality and dignity within the workplace no matter what job you have or what position you hold within a company and we are all are aware of what the outcome can be if found accused of sexual harassment, but this wasn’t always the case before the Sexual Discrimination Act 1975 there was no or very limited protection to certain categories of workers, these were not just women that was discriminated against but men as well, also with new legislation employers have increasingly more responsibility for educating their staff , if they don’t show reasonable steps in enforcing the Act they will in turn become liable for their employees actions.

The European Union is an intergovernmental union of twenty seven states and was formed in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union (The Maastricht Treaty) replacing old European Economic Community founded by six EU countries in 1957. The European Union has a unique legal system which works simultaneously with the domestic laws of Member States of the European Union (EU). EU law has direct effect within the legal systems of its Member States, and overrides national law in many areas, especially in terms of economic and social policy. There are Treaty provisions having a great impact on sport and most significant provisions are:

The claimants Agim Behrami and his son Bekir Behrami were living in Kosovo (now it is the Republic of Serbia) had filed the application on behalf of another son Gadaf Behrami who is now deceased. By that time, the territory of Kosovo was guided by several nations which was led by French authority and was mandated by the United Nations of Security Council under the Resolution of 1244, 1991. On March 2000, both Bekim and Gadaf Behrami were playing in the area of Mitrovica and found several undetonated cluster bombs which were dropped during the war of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by NATO in 1999. Consequently, Gadaf Behrami has been killed and Bekir Behrami was injured.

Jeff will be required by law to provide for his family even if his income is meager as held in McEwan v. McEwan [8]. However, Jeff’s physical condition, age, and technical expertise will prevent him from securing a better job in the foreseeable future which may hamper his ability to provide for his children. In the event that Jeff could not meet the required financial support to his children in the future, he may face legal actions from Libby.

The phenomenon of bonded labour is a form of forced labour in which the debtor pledges his body or the body of a member of his family for a loan and he renders services to the loan provider till the loan is repaid. Bonded labour is characterized by a long-term relationship between employer and employee which is usually solidified through a loan.

Tribunals have been defined as "Bodies outside the hierarchy of the courts with administrative or judicial functions" (Curzon, Dictionary of Law, 1994, p387). Administrative tribunals resolve disputes between, for example, the citizen and an officer of a government agency or between individuals in an area of law in which the government has legislated the conduct of their relations.

The foundation of EC Law contains three sources which together form acquis communautaire which is the body of EU Law , the three fundamental basis are consistent of primary legislation which includes the Treaties and other agreements and is usually direct communication and negotiation between governing bodies of other member states. The remaining two sources are secondary legislation and case law.

The complication often occurs when a defendant tries to limit his obligation to the plaintiff. To overcome this obstruction, court determines the legal rights and liabilities so that there is no loss to either party. Moreover express terms are not necessary to be referred or discussed to parties when entering into a contract. In that condition, exclusion clause is used. Exclusion clause refers to terms of contract that attempts to limit the liability of a defendant from that of plaintiff in the issue that defendant causes loss to the plaintiff (Vermeesch & Lindgren,2005 and Study Guide,2009). In many cases, terms of exclusion clauses are apparent at premises or on dockets or tickets. A detailed inspection of terms involves the condition under which contract is form and then its accurate legal effect.

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This case actually leads us to the debate of legality Vs morality. In my opinion, this case is more of morality as no one should eat, kill or exploit other for its own survival. According to the law of survival, the people involved in the case were might be right but morally, they were wrong. We should not kill other people just to save our own life.

Law enforcement officers are trusted by society to make decisions that affect the most basic of our assumed rights, our freedom. While these officers are given a great deal of power to enforce the laws of society, they are not given free reign to do whatever they want. In order to do the things most closely associated with being in law enforcement, traffic stops, arrest, searches, imprisonment, officers must meet certain criteria set forth by the courts. This set of guidelines requires that officers meet standards of proof in order to perform police functions.

As this academic year draws to a close, you probably have a dissertation still to complete and are drastically running out of time. But not to worry! We can give you the help you need, right when you need it and give you 10% off all dissertations ordered over the next 2 weeks.

In this case, State Z has a large automobile manufacturing industry but due to increased competition arising from low quality car manufactures of newly industrialized countries, it is loosing some of its domestic market share.

Strict Liability is a legal philosophy, where a person is made responsible for his actions, irrespective of his flaws and intentions. Strict liability is common in activities that are dangerous such as, demolition projects, cases where animals are involved, hazardous materials and explosives, etc. (Legal Definitions 2008).

John Finnis takes himself to be explicating and developing the views of Aquinas and Blackstone. Like Bix, Finnis believes that the naturalism of Aquinas and Blackstone should not be construed as a conceptual account of the existence conditions for law.

In order to provide an overview of media freedom in Ireland it is apt and timely to discuss it in the context of Defamation and Privacy Law Reform – a process that is currently afoot in Ireland.

Did you know that in California, it is illegal to lick toads in order to get high as some people were getting injured by the toads' poison. I have a question on this. The first person that ever licked a toad, exactly what was going through his head when he did it?

The importance of corporate governance cannot be over emphasised as it is ‘one key element in improving economic efficiency and growth as well as enhancing investor confidence…as a result, the cost of capital is lower and firms are encouraged to use resources more efficiently, thereby underpinning growth.’ Corporate governance also helps to ensure that assets of the firm are secure and not subject to expropriation by individual groups within a firm who could wield excessive power . Corporate governance may therefore be an instrument of checks and balances in the administration of a company.

If you have the option of resitting one of your papers, remember, you didn't know the answers the first time around. But, there's no need to worry as help is at hand!

Competition policy is in principle not concerned with the nationality of firms, whereas trade policy is. It might be considered unfair to let domestic firms go broken and have their place taken by foreign suppliers, in the name of competition and efficiency. Yet, trade liberalization does exactly the same: it places competition and efficiency goals before the interest of domestic producers.

Exemption from import duties for equipment, spare parts and raw material required for the projects. All duties or customs imposed on their importation, and all similar taxes, are inapplicable for a period of 5 years.

Qualifications for judges of district-level courts include U.S. citizenship, residence in the district for two years immediately before election or appointment, and a license to practice law in Texas. As a guarantee of practical legal experience, a district-level judge must have been a practicing lawyer, a judge of a court of record, or both for at least four years prior to election

Did you know that in Texas, the Encyclopaedia Britannica was banned as it gave people the formula for making beer! Err, I think they should also ban Google as I'm sure the formula for making all types of alcohol is on there too.

Trademark is a special name, sign, or word that is marked on a product to show that it is made by a particular company that cannot be used by any other company. According to World Intellectual Property Organization, “A trademark is a distinctive sign which identifies certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise.”

Section 4 of the Bail Act 1976 provides that bail shall be granted to: (a) A person accused of an offence who appears before a magistrates' court or the Crown Court in connection with proceedings for the offence.

Did you know that in Blue Earth, Minnesota, it is illegal for children under 12 years of age to speak on the telephone unless accompanied by one of their parents. But, what if they need to ring one of their parents who are both out of the house? Anyone thought of that one? :-)

On March 2, 1963, a kidnapping and sexual assault occurred in Phoenix, Arizona, Patricia McGee (Ms. McGee), 18-year-old woman would become a central character in a criminal act that would have ramifications around the national. On this day as she often did she road the bus home with a male co-worker. However, when Ms. McGee reaching her transfer point, the two separated and she transferred to another route.

A parole in the criminal justice system is defined as the release of a prisoner before his or her completion of the sentence. The parole is given to a prisoner of he or she abides by the conditions set by the parole. Usually the prisoner is being observed while still serving his or sentence. A released prisoner can still be imprisoned if ever he or she violates one of the conditions of the parole. (Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia)

The defendant had ordered a meal in a restaurant and had consumed it with an honest state of mind. He then discovered that he was unable to pay for the meal and remained silent as to his change in circumstances. The defendant waited until the dining area was clear of waiters before running out. The defendant was convicted under s16(2)(a) of the Theft Act 1968 (now replaced by the Theft Act 1978).

Employment Law is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which govern the legal rights, and restrictions on workers and their organizations. It resolves many aspects of the relationship between trade unions, employers and employees. However there are two categories in which employment law is divided. Firstly it deals with the relationship between employee, employer and unions and secondly it concerns employees rights at work through the workers contract.

"(1) A person who by any deception dishonestly obtains services from another shall be guilty of an offence. (2) It is an obtaining of services where the other is induced to confer a benefit by doing some act, or causing or permitting some act to be done, on the understanding that the benefit has been or will be paid for.

Offences of strict liability are those crimes which do not require mens rea with regard to at least one or more elements of the actus reus. The defendant need not have intended or known about that circumstance or consequence. Liability is said to be strict with regard to that element. For a good example see:

In A-G's Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] (see below), the Court of Appeal held that, subject to exceptions mentioned below, a person's consent is irrelevant and cannot prevent criminal liability for an offence if actual bodily harm was intended and/or caused. This strict rule was based on the view that it is not in the public interest that people should try to cause, or should cause, each other actual bodily harm for no good reason.

Did you know that in Kentucky, it is against the law for a woman to remarry the same man four times. Why would anyone in their right mind marry the same person 4 times? It failed the first 3 times, will the 4th be any different?

Involuntary manslaughter is the term given to an unlawful killing where the necessary mens rea for murder is not present - the defendant will not have had any intention to kill or do g.b.h. In fact, the defendant will probably not have contemplated the death of the victim at all. There are three broad categories of involuntary manslaughter...

Where a person has entered into a contract after a misrepresentation has been made to him, and (a) the misrepresentation has become a term of the contract; or (b) the contract has been performed...

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This Act applies to contracts of sale of goods made on or after (but not to those made before) 1 January 1894.

Read the question carefully to make sure you understand what is required. Look carefully at the key words and phrases, which indicate the sort of answer you are expected to give in your law essay. For example:

For a mistake to affect the validity of a contract it must be an "operative mistake", ie, a mistake which operates to make the contract void. The effect of a mistake is:

Implied trusts/ proprietary estoppel. (A) Can 'S' claim any rights in the house by way of implied trust (B) how the size of any share will be calculated (C) whether 'S' can claim any right to stay or any other remedy on the basis of proprietary estoppel.

Terrorism has been a prominent feature in the United States as well as in other countries. Throughout the years from 1988 to 1998, there was a notable growth in a kind of new terrorism and new terrorist organizations. With the increased terrorism, the role and responsibilities of the enforcement officers have also changed (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2008). They are asked to focus on investigative and patrol duties. Their roles have been expanded and they are asked to be stricter in term of the attacks. They have to analyze the different situations and take immediate, effectual and reasonable actions to prevent injury, loss of life, or destruction of property.

Did you know that In Truro, Mississippi, before a man can get married, he must prove himself worthy by killing either 3 cows or 6 blackbirds! I would go for the cows personally, easier targets:-) I wonder if you could haggle with 2 cows and 3 blackbirds?

You are failing your degree. You are lost, and you need some direction. You do not want to be miserable, working in a dead-end job for the rest of your life. You have three options:

The nature of the Internet renders it resistant to traditional forms of regulation. Government control is not the answer for the simple reason that it is unlikely to work. It is truly beyond the reach of any single nation-state.

Family law, as the phrase is generally understood, deals with the creation and removal of legal status, its consequences, and the protection (both physical and financial) of family members. It is concerned mainly with the nuclear family - that is, with the relationships between spouses, and between parents (or guardians) and children.

The European Union is founded on the Civilian legal models of Germany and France, a system which is distinguished by the absence of the doctrine of judicial precedent. As opposed to the practice of the English courts, the European Court of Justice does not feel bound to its own previous decisions. While, as stated above, the House of Lords is usually bound by its decisions, the European Court of Justice freely exercises the right to reconsider its previous decisions in the context of a later case and sometimes departs from its previous jurisprudence.

Advocacy in the lower courts (magistrates' court and county court) with limited rights of audience in the Crown Court and High Court.

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Appeals from the magistrates' court in family proceedings lie to the Family Division of the High Court (s61 and sch.1 Supreme Court Act 1981). Appeals from the magistrates' court in licensing matters go to the Crown Court (s8 Courts Act 1971 and s45 Supreme Court Act 1981).

Brain death = ‘when all the functions of the brain have permanently and irreversibly ceased.’ P557 casebook… patient is truly dead even if other organs are functioning artificially ie heart beat. A lot of hesitation about embodying in a statute an ‘expression of a present medical opinion’ as its continuously changing in the light of new information hence a statutory definition of death (in regard to further knowledge) would be under a risk of loosing its assent of the majority of the medical opinion. There might also be different views about the content of new definition.

The development of English case law in relation to the fraud exception is based on an American case: Sztejn v. Henry Schroder Banking Corporation, this was a decision of Judge Shientag. In this case the applicant of the letter of credit sought an injunction against the issuing bank to stop the bank from paying on documents, presented by the seller. The beneficiary was a merchant in India. Applicant’s allegation was that the shipped goods were not the goods he had contracted for.

Did you know that In Tennessee, it is illegal for children to play games on a Sunday without a valid license? Is this license only required for video games or do you need one to play Monopoly and eye spy as well? And who knows if you're playing without a licence?

Judicial precedent means the process whereby judges follow previously decided cases where the facts are of sufficient similarity. The doctrine of judicial precedent involves an application of the principle of stare decisis ie, to stand by the decided. In practice, this means that inferior courts are bound to apply the legal principles set down by superior courts in earlier cases. This provides consistency and predictability in the law.

The American judiciary system was found on the adversarial model. In the United State of America, the constitution founders believed that the only best form of government was one that would promote the welfare of an individual such as one social class or a director. The middle class was favored as the most likely group to promote the common welfare because they had in mind that the rich and poor would mostly be concerned with promotion of their own interests. The founders of constitution also believed that the common welfare meant having total protection to each individual's natural rights of property, life and liberty. They chose a form of government called the republican government (Vaughan, 2003, p.1712-1862).

A defendant can become intoxicated by voluntarily taking drink or drugs. Evidence of intoxication negativing mens rea is a defence only to crimes requiring specific intent. But note that:

The plaintiff must show that his loss was one which resulted from a breach of contract by the defendant (a direct causal link). An act of the defendant in a sequence of events leading to a loss might not be held to be the cause of the loss. For example, a shipowner was not liable to a charterer when, as a result of delay, the ship ran into a typhoon, as such a catastrophe may occur anywhere: The Monarch SS Co Case [1949] AC 196.

Did you know that in Mohave County, Arizona, if you are caught stealing soap from a shop, you must wash yourself with it until the soap has gone! A quick word of advice. If you are going to steel soap, make sure it's the liquid type, it's easier to use and you will definitely make a clean getaway afterwards:-)

In order for there to be a valid contract the parties must act freely. If one of the parties is forced to make the contract by violence or the threat of violence, that is duress, and renders the contract voidable.

"The doctrine of privity means that a contract cannot, as a general rule, confer rights or impose obligations arising under it on any person except the parties to it." (GH Treitel, The Law of Contract) The common law reasoned that: 1. Only a promisee may enforce the promise meaning that if the third party is not a promisee he is not privy to the contract. See:

"Equity gives relief on the ground of undue influence where an agreement has been obtained by certain kinds of improper pressure which were thought not to amount to duress at common law because no element of violence to the person was involved" (GH Treitel, The Law of Contract). A person who has been induced to enter into a transaction (eg, a gift, contract or guarantee) by the undue influence of another (the wrongdoer) is entitled to set that transaction aside as against the wrongdoer. The effect of undue influence, like duress, is to make the contract voidable.

Alison and Benjamin were good friends. Benjamin was very keen on having children and Alison agreed to have a child with him, but medical tests indicated that he had a low sperm count. In 2004, they decided to attend a fertility clinic, stating that they were partners. Unknown to Benjamin, Alison was having an affair with Charles.

Did you know that in St. Louis, Missouri, it is illegal for a fireman to rescue a woman wearing only a nightgown? In order for her to be rescued, she must be fully clothed! Does that included jewellery, nice matching shoes and handbag? Really!

This main issue in this case concerned whether the promise given by Williams ('W') to complete his existing contractual obligations was valid as a form of consideration. Whilst Roffey Bros ('R') had accepted this promise as consideration, it later argued in court that the verbal agreement in which the promise was given was unenforceable; as such a promise could never be classed as sufficient consideration to form a contract.

Civil disputes arise from many different situations and they fall into many areas of UK law. Civil disputes are between companies, individuals, local authorities or the government. Civil disputes usually fall into two categories. Contractual disputes, this is where a contract between two or more parties has been breached, and Civil wrongs, this can range from personal injury claims to damages to property and reputation.

The phrase "domestic violence" is usually taken to mean unlawful violence used or threatened by one spouse or cohabitant against the other. The perpetrator is usually the male partner, and pronouns are used in this chapter on that assumption, but cases of violence by the female against the male are by no means unknown. Violence by adults against children is also regrettably common, but this is discussed in more detail elsewhere.